Civil Engineering – Bridge Structures, Materials, and Design Principles (J-R) Practice Test

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• Which term describes a traffic barrier system made of longitudinal rails attached to vertical posts, also known as guard railing?
• Stress locked into a member after it has been formed to its final shape is called what?
• What is the function of cap beams in a steel multi-girder bridge?
• How do expansion joints and sealing systems influence deck longevity and maintenance costs?
• Which deck type is described as a steel deck stiffened longitudinally and transversely using open or closed ribs and floor beams?
• Which term is also known as Deck Overlay and refers to the wearing surface?
• A graphical depiction of the vertical alignment of a roadway.
• Which statement best describes the role of continuity in connections in seismic detailing?
• What is the role of deck drainage in durability?
• To mitigate vortex-induced vibrations in long-span bridges, which approach is commonly implemented?
• How does a steel girder bridge transfer load from the deck to the substructure and what is the role of diaphragms?
• What is lateral-torsional buckling and how do designers prevent it in steel girders?
• Which term describes the load capacity of a bridge under maximum permissible load for special service conditions?
• A decrease in stress due to creep is known as which term?
• Localized buckling concerns the buckling of a beam's plate element; which term describes this phenomenon?
• Which element is a short column on an abutment or pier that directly supports a superstructure primary member?
• Which term provides topographic information detailing the location and elevation of non-terrain related features such as vegetation and fences?
• A temporary, moving load such as vehicular traffic is known as what?
• Which combination of countermeasures is commonly used to address scour risk around piers?
• Which term describes a timber member formed by nailing multiple boards together?
• The overlay of wearing surface material on top of an existing approach and/or deck overlay to create a more uniform and smooth riding surface is known as what?
• Which code is published by the Ontario Ministry of Transportation for bridge design?
• What term denotes the elevation at a catch basin, manhole, or drop inlet grate?
• How does increasing concrete cover affect durability and crack width in prestressed decks?
• Which term describes the point of intersection of two tangents of a horizontal curve?
• A load-bearing member which distributes loads longitudinally and is principally designed to resist flexure.
• Wind loads and aeroelastic effects influence the design of long-span bridges. Which mitigation methods are commonly used?
• How does composite action in bridges affect coefficient of thermal expansion and movement?
• Which term is defined as a view from above?
• What term describes the presence of multiple load paths so that, if a structural member fails, another element or group of elements can sustain the load?
• Which term denotes the cumulative loss of aggregate from a pavement made of bituminous material, resulting in a poor riding surface?
• What is the feature carried by the bridge that spans over an obstruction?
• Which term describes major repair work that requires engineering remedial measures?
• In skewed bridges, which condition most directly compromises stability due to torsion?
• A member placed roughly perpendicular to a primary member is known as what?
• Which description best matches field or laboratory testing of bridge component materials and/or members?
• Which term describes a pier comprised of a cap beam and a set of piles?
• Bracing located at either the top flange or bottom flange of a stringer to prevent lateral deformation is called?
• What is a shear key and its role?
• In LRFD, what is the purpose of resistance factors and how do they influence design capacity?
• How do you select materials for long-term durability in river-crossing bridges?
• How do welded connections compare to bolted connections in steel bridges in terms of stiffness, inspection, and fatigue risk?
• Influence lines are used in the design of a multi-span bridge under moving loads to identify what?
• A projecting base of a wall is called a?
• Which term is another name for the wearing surface on a bridge deck?
• Which sequence best describes standard actions when scour depth is detected near a pier?
• In LRFD design, which statement best describes how reliability targets are achieved?
• Which arch-type bridge uses steel beams encased in concrete?
• Scour which occurs due to a constriction in the water channel openings
• What describes composite action between a concrete deck and a steel girder and what is required to achieve it?
• Which term means a permanent deformation of a member due to loads that have been placed on a member for a given period of time?
• What is the timber member created by nailing two or more pieces of lumber together called?
• Which term denotes a lighting fixture located at the top of a lighting standard?
• Which term refers to the prestressing force applied before pouring concrete?
• Which term describes a bending moment that produces compression at the top fiber and tension at the bottom fiber in a beam?
• What term refers to repairs and procedures performed to maintain a bridge's serviceability?
• Which term denotes the topographic data used to portray terrain surfaces?
• What is a cylindrical metal fastener used to connect multiple pieces of metal?
• Scour which occurs as a result of a constriction in the water channel openings is called?
• What term describes the localized buckling of a beam's plate element that can potentially lead to failure of the member?
• What describes a vertical curve formed by a downward tangent followed by an upward tangent?
• Which term is a drawing that presents both the roadway plan view along with its profile on the same sheet and at equal horizontal scales?
• Which term represents the last point of tangency of a vertical curve?
• What is the purpose of development length in reinforcement detailing?
• Which term is a thin steel shell used in the placement of cast-in-place concrete piles?
• Which term is used to describe the axis of a bridge that runs from abutment to abutment?
• Which term is used for the location of the first point of tangency on a horizontal curve?
• The location on a horizontal alignment which represents the last point of tangency of a specific horizontal curve.
• Which term refers to the facing on the water-facing side of a pier?
• A form of limit states design used by AASHTO LRFD specifications is known as?
• What is the purpose of bridge load rating and how are overweight vehicles evaluated?
• What term refers to topographic information pertaining to the surface of the terrain, typically presented with annotated spot elevations and contours?
• A plate bolted or welded to a sole plate to prohibit a beam from being disconnected from the bearing is called what?
• What are common failure mechanisms for concrete deck slabs under freeze-thaw cycles and how to mitigate?
• Distinguish buffeting and vortex-induced vibration and their implications for bridge design.
• Which methods are used to protect steel bridges from corrosion in aggressive environments?
• What is the purpose of ductility and energy dissipation in seismic design and which detailing enhances this?
• Which feature is NOT typically used to transfer lateral shear in long-span bridges?
• Which term describes the final submission package to the project owner?
• What is prestressed concrete and why is it beneficial for bridge decks?
• The axis that runs the full length of a bridge from one end to the other is termed what?
• What term describes a concrete element that has been formed and cured prior to placement in the field?
• A girder with an 'I' cross section composed of steel plate elements which are connected together by welds, bolts, or rivets is called a?
• The lifting of an element using hydraulic jacks and, if needed, temporary support systems is called what?
• A surrounding encasement of an element such as a pier column or pile, made of concrete or fabric, is called what?
• A concrete girder which utilizes steel tendons that have a tensile force placed on them, thereby increasing internal compression and reducing or eliminating stresses due to tension once the beam is loaded.
• What is the significance of serviceability crack widths and how are they controlled in prestressed concrete bridge decks?
• Explain the concept of load path redundancy with an example.
• The plate designed to prevent a beam from disconnecting from its bearing is called what?
• The washing away of stream bed material by water channel flow is called?
• Which statement identifies a common durability problem in reinforced concrete bridges and a typical mitigation?
• Bracing between primary members designed to resist cross-sectional deformation and distribute part of vertical load is known as what?
• Which statement describes the serviceability criteria for deflection, crack width, and vibration in bridges?
• How is flutter considered in the design of long-span bridges and what design features mitigate it?
• Which term describes a member with a small cross-sectional area used to provide adequate support for a column or wall resting on soil too weak to support the structure using a spread footer?
• A prestressed concrete girder where the prestressing force is applied to the reinforcing tendons before the concrete has been poured.
• Which design phase focuses on outlining the major scope before detailed design?
• What is the name of the facing placed on the portion of a pier facing the water current, usually made of steel?
• Which term denotes a lighting fixture located at the top of a lighting standard?
• What is the term for the point of intersection of two tangents of a vertical curve?
• Which term denotes the buckling of a plate element within a beam?
• What is the function of cross-frames and vertical stiffeners in steel girder bridges?
• Which term describes a concrete element cast and cured away from the construction site?
• Scour which occurs due to local flow changes in a channel caused by constrictions caused by the presence of bridge piers, abutments, etc. is called?
• What is the term for the Point of Vertical Tangency?
• Which term refers to a short column on an abutment or pier that directly supports a superstructure primary member?
• Which sensor is not commonly used in structural health monitoring for bridges?
• Which NDT methods are listed as examples for bridge maintenance?
• Which statement best describes the function and common types of bridge deck bearings and how they accommodate movement?
• Base shear is defined as the horizontal seismic demand integrated at base. Which statement best describes the standard approach to estimating base shear for bridges?
• An arch-type bridge constructed with steel beams encased in concrete is called what?
• What is the primary purpose of continuity detailing in long-span bridges, and what is the role of diaphragms?
• Camber which results from a prestressing force minus a girder's dead load deflection is called what?
• What is the role of corrosion inhibitors in concrete durability?
• A form of limit states design used by AASHTO standard specifications as an alternative to Working Stress Design is called?
• What is the thin steel shell used in the placement of cast-in-place concrete piles called?
• What is the role of protective coatings or membranes during retrofitting aging concrete bridges?
• A set of columns supporting a transverse member describes which structural configuration?
• Which term describes the property of a structural system that provides alternative load paths if one member fails?
• What loading configuration is used to simulate heavy military vehicles passing over a bridge, also known as Alternative Military Loading?
• Which initial design outlines the major scope of work to be done in a project?
• Which statement about long-term deformation is most accurate?
• In post-tensioned segmental bridges, what is the purpose of post-tensioning tendons after the concrete gains strength?
• What is the acronym for the Point of Vertical Intersection?
• Which type of prestressed concrete girder has the prestressing force applied after the concrete has cured?
• Which term refers to a structural member with an I shape formed by plate elements connected by welds, bolts, or rivets?
• Which term describes the structures that support the superstructure at intermediate points between end supports?
• The term for a lighting fixture located at the top of a lighting standard is?
• Which term describes the location on a vertical alignment representing the first point of tangency of a vertical curve?
• What role does inspection and Non-Destructive Testing play in bridge maintenance?
• What is the term for a bridge, typically located over water, that allows spans to be raised and lowered, also known as a drawbridge?
• Which statement best describes the role of shear connectors in achieving composite action between a concrete deck and a steel girder?
• The main supporting pole for a lighting fixture is called?
• Which term refers to a device that smooths and consolidates concrete by passing a straightedge over the surface?
• The concrete barrier named after the New Jersey Department of Transportation that first developed it is called what?
• Which design approach uses factors applied to loads and resistances to ensure performance across multiple limit states?
• Localized buckling of a plate element in a beam is most closely associated with which term?
• Which term describes repair work of a significant nature that calls for the engineering design of remedial measures?
• A pier comprised of a cap beam and a set of piles is called a?
• Which term is a barrier commonly located outside the deck face?
• Which term refers to a hot-rolled steel member used as a primary support in bridges?
• A layer used to smooth together two pavement sections is called?
• How are influence lines used in the design of a multi-span bridge under moving trucks?
• Influence lines are used in moving-load analysis to determine:
• A longitudinal stiffener used in orthotropic decks is called what?
• What is the term for the continued driving of piles after they have reached an obstruction or impenetrable layer?
• How is seismic detailing used to achieve ductile behavior in steel bridges?
• A drainage system used to drain storm water runoff from a bridge deck is called?
• Which practice helps mitigate freeze-thaw damage in concrete decks?
• What is the shortened name for reinforcing steel?
• What term refers to a lighting fixture located at the top of a lighting standard?
• What is the bottom steel plate of a bearing anchored to a concrete bridge seat?
• What is the role of damping in seismic response and how can it be increased in a bridge design?
• Which term describes the design philosophy that aims to ensure a structure fulfills its function under various service and limit-state conditions?
• Which term describes a cylindrical metal fastener used to connect multiple metal pieces?
• A hypothetical design loading used to simulate a train of trucks moving across a bridge is known as?
• Which term refers to basic remedial operations performed on a bridge to maintain an adequate level of service?
• How do temperature changes affect deck expansion joints and overall bridge performance?
• Which term is the point of intersection of two tangents of a horizontal curve?
• A value indicating the load capacity of a bridge is called?
• Which option correctly lists the typical components of a steel multi-girder bridge's superstructure and substructure?
• Which term refers to the control of traffic through a project site to ensure safety for vehicles and construction personnel?
• Which term refers to a construction interface between concrete pours?
• How is a response-spectrum approach used to estimate seismic demand for a bridge?
• What is the term for the location on a horizontal alignment representing the first point of tangency of a horizontal curve?
• What is a steel girder formed by hot-rolling?
• What is the typical sequence for retrofitting an aging reinforced concrete bridge for improved durability?
• Which term is abbreviated as the commonly used term for reinforcing steel?
• Which term describes the component that carries loads over an obstruction?
• Which statement best describes the effects of creep and shrinkage on long-term concrete bridge performance?
• What is the registered trademark name for a type of earth retaining structure that utilizes galvanized steel strips placed in granular backfill and connected to interlocking concrete facing units?
• The process that uses hydraulic jacks to lift structural elements is called what?
• Which term denotes a top-down representation detailing the location and elevation of features such as vegetation and fences?
• Which term describes a concrete barrier typically placed outside the face of the bridge deck over the fascia girder?
• Which term denotes the bending moment that causes tension in the top fiber and compression in the bottom fiber of a beam?
• Which joint is used to accommodate very large movements and consists of multiple strip or compression seals?
• What is the typical role of diaphragms and stiffeners in concrete-encased sections or box girders?
• A layer of asphalt or binder used to smooth together two sections of pavement is called?
• Which statement best describes the role of yielding zones in seismic detailing?
• Which deck type is characterized by being stiffened with ribs and floor beams and is used for enhanced rigidity?
• What best describes bridge fatigue and how design details mitigate?
• How does corrosion around pier foundations affect stability and how is it mitigated?
• On a horizontal alignment, what is the term for the point where the curve becomes tangent to the straight alignment?
• Foundation types are common for bridges and soil/loading conditions drive selection. Which of the following statements is correct?
• In bridge design, what does redundancy mean and how does it affect safety?
• How does reinforcement detailing influence crack control in concrete girders?
• Which term corresponds to a short column on an abutment or pier that directly supports a superstructure primary member?
• Outline typical retrofitting techniques to improve seismic resilience, such as FRP wrapping, external bracing, and base isolation.
• The main supporting pole for a lighting fixture is called?
• The term for a surrounding encasement around a structural element used for confinement or protection is what?
• The load path in a bridge deck describes how forces travel from loads to supports through structural members. Why is this concept important?
• Which term corresponds to a drawing that shows both the roadway plan view and its profile on the same sheet?
• Which term is used to denote a grade or slope given to a surface, usually to provide for adequate drainage?
• NCHRP stands for which program?
• Which term refers to the process of applying a wearing surface to improve ride quality on a deck?
• Explain the concept of torsional restraint and its importance in overall bridge stability, particularly for skewed bridges.
• Two or more pieces of wood joined together typically with adhesive or nails are called what term?
• A design method based on the ability of a structure to fulfill its function is known as?
• Base isolation in retrofitting decouples ground motion from the superstructure, resulting in what outcome?
• What is the purpose and typical locations of expansion joints in bridges?
• Which material is commonly used for seal-type expansion joints and is made of polychloroprene?
• In post-tensioned segmental bridges, which sequence correctly describes the typical construction and its advantages?
• How does skew angle influence bending moments and shear distribution in a bridge deck?
• What term describes the actions taken to repair or provide basic maintenance to keep a bridge functioning?
• Scour is the removal of sediment around piers due to flowing water. Which of the following is a typical countermeasure?
• A term used to identify the final submission package of the design team to be given to the owner.
• Which term refers to a joint that allows very large movements consisting of multiple strip or compression seals?
• A long section of metal or wood dragged across freshly placed concrete to smooth the surface and consolidate the concrete is called?
• A notched or raised protrusion of concrete located on one face of a construction joint that fits into a recess on the other face is called what?
• What term refers to broken rock placed around piers and abutments to prevent erosion and scour?
• Which statement best contrasts the LRFD design philosophy with ASD design in bridge engineering?
• Which term is used for protective rock placed around piers to guard against scour?
• Which term is used to describe the longitudinal axis of a bridge?
• Differentiate between the ultimate limit state and serviceability limit state in bridge design.
• A projecting base of a wall is called a?
• A temporary, moving load such as vehicular traffic is termed?
• Which material choice can improve corrosion resistance in bridge structures?
• Which term refers to latent stress remaining in a member after it has been formed to its final shape?
• The load capacity of a bridge under special service conditions is known as what?
• In joint detailing, the interlocking feature across a concrete joint by engaging a recess is called the what?
• What is the role of diaphragms in a steel girder bridge?
• Which closure material, typically used in deck joints and made of neoprene, is called?
• What is the function of structural health monitoring (SHM) in bridge management and what sensors are commonly used?
• Which term describes a view of an element, component, or the site from a viewpoint directly above the object looking down?
• The structural axis along the length of the bridge is called what?